INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND ITS CORRECTION IN FORMING A HOST RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

This study systematically review knowledge about the mechanisms of formation of an inflammatory reaction under the influence of biological, physical, and chemical factors, their similarities and differences, and possible methods of pharmacological correction of pathological conditions associated with excessive activation. The effect of adverse environmental factors, such as biological, physical, and chemical factors, causes a systemic response, which is aimed at maintaining homeostasis and is caused, among other things, by a coordinated reaction of the immune system. Phlogogenic agents result in the activation and regulation of the inflammatory response, which is formed by cellular and humoral components of innate immunity. The activation of innate immunity is characterized by a rapid host response, which diminishes following the elimination of "foreign” invaders, endogenous killer cells, and neogenesis. Depending on the nature of the active factors (biopathogens, allergens, toxins, ionizing radiation, etc.), the mechanisms of immune response arousal have unique features mainly originating from the differences in the recognition of specific molecular patterns and "danger signals” by different receptors. However, inflammatory mediators and inflammatory response patterns at the systemic level are largely similar even under widely different triggers. Inflammation, having evolved as an adaptive reaction directed at the immune response, can lead to the development of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases due to a mismatch in mechanisms of its control. A "failure” in the regulation of the inflammatory process is the excessive activation of the immune system, which leads to the cytokine release syndrome (hypercytokinemia, or "cytokine storm”) and can cause self-damage (destruction) of tissues, multiple-organ failure, sepsis, and even death. Modern advances in the study of the pathogenetic bases of the inflammatory response are suggested, such as pharmacological correction using pattern recognition receptor antagonists, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, or blocking of key control genes or signaling pathways. All rights reserved © Eco-Vector, 2022.

DYNAMICS OF THE CONTENT OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G TO SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-2 IN CONVALESCENTS WHO HAVE HAD A NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION

The study investigated the dynamics of class G immunoglobulins to severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 coronavirus in the blood serum of convalescents who had a new coronavirus infection for 6 months after the polymerase chain reaction conversion. Among the most common symptoms, 30 (73.8%) convalescents had an increase in body temperature to 38°C, 32 (83.3%) had asthenia, 21 (59.5%) had cough, 29 (73.8%) had perversion or loss of sense of smell, pain, and throat discomfort. The duration of symptoms varied from 3–4 days to 3–4 weeks. Within a month after the end of the acute disease period, 8 (20%) patients had a decrease in working capacity, 13 (33%) had difficulty breathing, 9 (22%) had a cough, and 4 (10%) had pain and sore throat. During severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 infection, the virus activates the innate and adaptive immunity, resulting in the formation of specific class G immunoglobulins to the pathogens. After leveling the clinical manifestations, class G immunoglobulins were detected in the majority of convalescents (79%–90%) during the first 6 months, starting from day 14 from disease onset with a predominantly high (> 10 conl. units) positivity coefficient. Moreover, this pattern occurred in both men and women;however, in some studies, the levels of the positivity coefficient of class G immunoglobulins began to decrease by the fifth month of follow-up and sometimes at an earlier time (2 months). Perhaps, this is due to the different functional activities of the immune system of each convalescent, infecting dose of the pathogen, and peculiarities of its interaction with the macroorganism and its immune system. Nevertheless, the class G immunoglobulins identified in the study do not yet indicate the probability of reinfection of convalescents with the same pathogen. The protective titer of antibodies has yet to be investigated further. The article can be used under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license © Authors, 2022.

Immunological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus damage

The presented analysis makes it possible to expand the understanding of the issue concerning the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, the mechanisms of the onset and development of the disease in a living organism, the formation of an immune response to the new coronavirus, and also to determine the therapeutic tactics of managing patients with severe coronavirus infection. Elucidating the mechanisms of the emergence and development of a new coronavirus infection can help scientists, general practitioners, clinicians, and laboratory physicians respond correctly to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Three-month results of vaccination of mono-stationary health workers with the drug «Gam-COVID-Vac»

Introduction. Antibodies are considered as a key immune effectors that provide protection against pathogenic threats. At the same time, the nature and duration of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been precisely determined. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the level of antibodies to SARSCoV-2 during immunization with the «Gam-COVID-Vac» vaccine. Material and methods. Observations were carried out with participance of 30 employees of the city clinical hospital No. 1. Medical workers were vaccinated against COVID-19 with the «Gam-COVID-Vac» vaccine according to the standard scheme. The level of antibodies was assessed on the 17th day after the administration of the 1st component of the vaccine, on the 17th and 30th days after the administration of the 2nd component of the vaccine. Results. Our studies show that the blood level of IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 practically did not change on the 17th and 38th days after immunization with the 1st component (the average СP values were 1.616 and 1.75, respectively). However, by the 30th day, a decrease of IgM to SARS-CoV-2 was observed (average СP value - 0.7829). It should be noted that on the 17th day after immunization a significant variation was revealed in its indicators, which leveled off by the 30th day. A completely different picture was observed with the level of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. It significantly increased after immunization with the 2nd component and did not change until the 30th day (the average CP values were 12.36 and 12.48 on the 38th and 51st days, respectively). It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that after immunization with the 1st component on the 17th day, a low level of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 (CP - < 1) was recorded in 48 %, and after immunization with the 2nd component - only in 10 % vaccinated. At the same time by 51 days from vaccination the seroconversion level was 100 %. It should be noted that in some patients the IgG level changed by the 30th day after immunization, compared to the 17th day. Conclusion. Thus, our information confirms that the «Gam-COVID-Vac» vaccine is effective and, in more than 90 % of cases, leads to the formation of a sufficiently high level of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.